Borrowing – the difference between total public sector spending and income – was £17.4 billion in October 2025; this was £1.8 billion (or 9.6%) less than October 2024 but the third-highest October borrowing (not adjusted for inflation) since monthly records began in 1993, after those of 2024 and 2020.

• Borrowing in the financial year to October 2025 was £116.8 billion; this was £9.0 billion (or 8.4%) more than in the same seven-month period of 2024 and the second-highest April to October borrowing (not adjusted for inflation) on record, after that of 2020.

• Borrowing in the financial year to October 2025 was provisionally estimated at 3.9% of gross domestic product (GDP); this was 0.1 percentage points more than in the same seven-month period of 2024.

• The current budget deficit – borrowing to fund day-to-day public sector activities – was £12.6 billion in October 2025; this brings the total current budget deficit in the financial year to October 2025 to £83.9 billion, which is £7.4 billion (or 9.7%) more than in the same seven-month period of 2024.

• Public sector net debt excluding public sector banks was provisionally estimated at 94.5% of GDP at the end of October 2025; this was 0.2 percentage points less than at the end of October 2024 and remains at levels last seen in the early 1960s.

• Public sector net financial liabilities excluding public sector banks were provisionally estimated at 84.0% of GDP at the end of October 2025; this was 2.5 percentage points more than at the end of October 2024, but 10.5 percentage points less than for public sector net debt.

• Central government net cash requirement (excluding UK Asset Resolution Ltd and Network Rail) was £21.7 billion in October 2025; this was £1.9 billion (or 9.8%) more than in October 2024.